Working Students

In educational institutions, success is measured by academic performance, or how well a student meets standards set out by local government and the institution itself. As career competition grows ever more fierce in the working world, the importance of students doing well in school has caught the attention of parents, legislators and government education departments alike. Read more: Define Academic Performance | eHow. com http://www. ehow. com/about_4740750_define-academic-performance. html#ixzz2NEVziRNN Significance Although education is not the only road to success in the working world, much effort is made to identify, evaluate, track and encourage the progress of students in schools. Parents care about their child's academic performance because they believe good academic results will provide more career choices and job security. Schools, though invested in fostering good academic habits for the same reason, are also often influenced by concerns about the school's reputation and t he possibility of monetary aid from government institutions, which can hinge on the overall academic performance of the school.State and federal departments of education are charged with improving schools, and so devise methods of measuring success in order to create plans for improvement. History * In the past, academic performance was often measured more by ear than today. Teachers' observations made up the bulk of the assessment, and today's summation, or numerical, method of determining how well a student is performing is a fairly recent invention. Grading systems came into existence in America in the late Victorian period, and were initially criticized due to high subjectivity.Different teachers valued different aspects of learning more highly than others, and although some standardization was attempted in order to make the system more fair, the problem continued. Today, changes have been made to incorporate differentiation for individual students' abilities, and exploration of alternate methods of measuring performance is ongoing. Full-text education books, articles, journals at Questia. www. Questia. com/Education Function * The tracking of academic performance fulfills a number of purposes.Areas of achievement and failure in a student's academic career need to be evaluated in order to foster improvement and make full use of the learning process. Results provide a framework for talking about how students fare in school, and a constant standard to which all students are held. Performance results also allow students to be ranked and sorted on a scale that is numerically obvious, minimizing complaints by holding teachers and schools accountable for the components of each and every grade. Features * Performance in school is evaluated in a number of ways.For regular grading, students demonstrate their knowledge by taking written and oral tests, performing presentations, turning in homework and participating in class activities and discussions. Teachers evalu ate in the form of letter or number grades and side notes, to describe how well a student has done. At the state level, students are evaluated by their performance on standardized tests geared toward specific ages and based on a set of achievements students in each age group are expected to meet.Considerations The subjectivity of academic performance evaluation has lessened in recent years, but it has not been totally eliminated. It may not be possible to fully remove subjectivity from the current evaluation methods, since most are biased toward students that respond best to traditional teaching methods. Standardized testing is best responded to by students that excel in reading, mathematics and test-taking, a skill that is not in itself indicative of academic worth. The tests reward visual learners, and give no chance for kinesthetic or auditory learners to show their abilities.The standardized test fails to recognize students with learning and physical disabilities that do not all ow them to complete the test in the same manner or amount of time as other students. Evaluations from classroom teachers, though they give the most detailed information, may still retain bias if individual differentiation and learning styles have not been taken into account. Read more: Define Academic Performance | eHow. com http://www. ehow. com/about_4740750_define-academic-performance. html#ixzz2NEXuduq0 Working studentsINTRODUCTIONMany college students today work part-time. Employment during school could improve grades if working promotes aspects that correspond with academic success, such as industriousness or time management skills, or instead reduce grades by reducing time and energy available for schoolwork. Otherwise, working might be associated with academic performance, yet not directly influence it, if unobserved student differences influence both labor supply and grades. Unmotivated students might neither work for pay nor receive good grades because they put little effo rt into the labor market or school.In contrast, students uninterested in academics might work long hours that would otherwise have been devoted to leisure. Students might misjudge the link between college achievement and future earnings when making labor supply decisions. If so, obtaining a consistent estimate of how such decisions affect academic performance is prospectively important for policy consideration. A student refers to someone who is formally engaged in learning, especially the one who is enrolled in a school or college. You would call an individual a student if he or she is a learner.Employment then correlates to jobs, vocation, profession, and etc. W would you then define ‘working student’? On another person’s mind, they would think of it as a student who engages in learning and working at the same time. It does not matter what nature of work it would be. Many college students today work part time. Their reason for working is mostly due to the fact that they lack the financial support they need. Few would reason out that they only needed the extra income for personal leisure. Parents would normally support their child for their education. In

Infinitely Waiting for Godot Essay

Vladimir and Estragon are two tramps waiting for someone who is never going to come around. We all may find ourselves waiting at one point in time may it are at the grocery store or simply waiting outside of my English class. One may come to find that these two characters are a picturesque example of the futility of human life. â€Å"They talk, they walk, they play different games, they abuse and rebuke each other, even they try to attempt suicide to free themselves from the agonies of life but this remains just an abortive attempt† (Shabnum 1). This inability to free themselves from the shackles of their average day to day monotony makes for a repetitive and predictable play. This repetitiveness only furthers the idea that the pair will be waiting for Godot eternally. The pair seems to be drawn to Godot for one reason or another and cannot bring themselves to leave before they meet Godot. â€Å"As Vladimir and Estragon are already condemned to endless suffering in the form of ceaseless waiting, the spectator might expect them to focus their game on a more optimistic issue† (Karic 2). As Vladimir and Estragon wait on Godot they exemplify the senselessness of human life. Vladimir who can be characterized as the alpha male of the group constantly states that he would like to leave, but the drive to stay put precedes his desire to leave. Knowing this one could assume that Vladimir is extremely discontent with himself. His alpha male persona he portrays is simply a faà §ade to hide his inner feelings of boredom and loneliness. The exchanging of hats between Vladimir and Pozzo show that, Vladimir is yearning for outside stimulus. This give-and-take of hats can be looked at as an interchange of Vladimir’s and Pozzo’s thoughts. This longing for an external source of sensory information is what keeps Vladimir endlessly waiting. Estragon is a sharp contrast from the boldness of Vladimir. Estragon seems to be sitting throughout the entire play which shows his submissiveness to Vladimir. This submissiveness not only defines Estragon’s personality but his viewpoint on life as well. As the play begins to unwind Estragon’s mental continuity begins to deteriorate. This mental deterioration is caused by the endless waiting on Godot. â€Å"In Waiting for Godot, the gradual dilapidation of every character can be felt through different forms of depravity, for depravity exists in all its form – mental, physical, spiritual†(Shabnum 1). This decline is exemplified when Estragon cannot recognize Pozzo and Lucky. Estragon is stuck waiting for Godot for many of the aforementioned reasons stated above. Foremost, Estragon can never seem to make decisions on his own which in turn will keep him waiting for Godot. This lack of decision making on Estragon’s part shows that his real reason why he waits for Godot, is that he is seeking some sort of guidance which Godot can provide. If one can view Godot as a heavenly figure then a religious aspect is added onto why the pair continues to wait for Godot. â€Å"In any case, the tramps expect that when Godot will at last come, they will sleep in a warm and secure shelter, in dry straw, their stomachs filled, and this is why one of them exclaims, â€Å"We shall be saved† (Terrian 7). This idea that Godot is a god figure coming to provide the pair with salvation from death is what keeps them waiting. While the pair continues to wait on Godot they are inevitably coming closer and closer to their death. Although, Vladimir and Estragon could be waiting for a savior they are at the same time killing themselves. In both of the characters minds there is something that Godot can provide for them that they themselves cannot obtain. This only further reinforces the idea that Godot is either some sort of angelical or extraterrestrial being. Why would the pair continue to wait for Godot if they could achieve what they w anted without Godot? The possibility of Godot bestowing the pair with something unworldly is clearly a prospect for thought. Each character also brings to the table many characteristics both innate and learned. First, Vladimir easily draws us into his persona by showing us that he is the most assertive of the pair. In most cases people are drawn to figures of authority. Vladimir perfectly takes on this role of authority over Estragon and this is what first draws the reader into his persona. As one delves deeper into Vladimir’s actions and persona it is easily seen that Vladimir cannot make decisions easily. This is a stern contradiction with his commanding relationship over Estragon. This distinction between being a leader and being unable to make decisions is what makes the pair extremely magnetic. Almost like a married couple, the pair has become so used to bickering and fighting that they need that in their lives to survive. This reliance on one another is also what draws the pair together. The reliance that each of these characters has on one another is not a true friendship as neither of their actions show any deeper relationship between the two. Many times throughout the play Vladimir and Estragon both suggest that they would be better off alone but the pair is extremely hesitant to separate from one another. The setting in which the pair are stuck waiting for Godot is extremely desolate. This lack of anything else to rely on for entertainment or sustenance is what drives the two characters to come together and form a mutual relationship. This sense of nothingness and desolation of the location they are currently in is only combatted by the presence of one another. Vladimir seems to have either had a severe sleeping problem or that he does not want to be lonely when Estragon falls asleep. Constantly trying to wake Estragon up, Vladimir shows us that he does not like to be alone with his thoughts.

Application for the Use of Human Research Participants Essay

Application for the Use of Human Research Participants - Essay Example Signed materials can be submitted by mail, fax (434-522-0506), or email (scanned document to irb@liberty.edu). Signed materials can also be submitted via regular mail or in person to our office: Campus North, Suite 1582. Please be sure to use the grey form fields to complete this document; do not change the format of the application. You are able to move quickly through the document by using the â€Å"Tab† key. Note: Applications with the following problems will be returned immediately for revisions: 1) Grammar/spelling/punctuation errors, 2) A lack of professionalism (lack of consistency/clarity) on the application itself or any supporting documents, 3) Incomplete applications. Failure to minimize these errors will cause delays in your processing time. II. BASIC PROTOCOL INFORMATION Protocol Title:  ?UNDERSTANDING THE EXPERIENCES OF STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES WHO DID NOT COMPLETE HIGH SCHOOL  Principal Investigator (PI): Richard Warner Wieringo Professional Title:  Sch ool/Department: Liberty University School of Education Mailing Address: 125 Woodgate Court APT 2C, Charlottesville, VA 22901 Telephone: (434) 251-2255 LU Email: rwweringo@liberty.edu Check all that apply:  Faculty  Graduate Student  Undergraduate Student  Staff This research is for:  Class Project  Master’s Thesis  Doctoral Dissertation  Faculty Research  Other (describe):  Have you defended and passed your dissertation proposal?  Yes  No  N/A If no, what is your defense date?  Faculty Advisor: Verlyn Evans, Ed.D, Chair  School/Department: Liberty University School of Education Telephone:  LU Email:  Non-key Personnel: Name and Title:  School/Department:  Telephone:  LU Email:  Consultants: Name and Title: Dr. Russ Yocum School/Department: Graduate School of Education Telephone: (434) 592-5462 LU Email: ryocum@liberty.edu Liberty University Participants: Do you intend to use LU students, staff, or faculty as participants in your study? If you do not intend to use LU participants in your study, please indicate â€Å"no† and proceed to the section titled â€Å"Funding Source.† If yes, please list the department and classes you hope to enlist, and the number of participants you would like to enroll.  No  Yes   Department Class(es) In order to process your request to use LU participants, we must ensure that you have contacted the appropriate department and gained permission to collect data from them. Please obtain the original signature of the department chair in order to verify this. Signature of Department Chair Date Funding Source: If research is funded please provide the following: Grant Name (or name of the funding source):  Funding Period (month/year):  Grant Number:  Anticipated start and completion dates for collecting and analyzing data:  III. OTHER STUDY MATERIALS AND CONSIDERATIONS Does this project call for (more detail will be required later): Use of voice, video, digit al, or image recordings?  Yes  No Participant compensation?  Yes  No Advertising for participants?  Yes  No More than minimal

Letter to David Mitchell Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Letter to David Mitchell - Assignment Example I believe that boring teachers should reconsider their approaches of teaching. While teaching the same curriculum becomes boring, year in and year out, making the subject interesting is the challenge for the teacher. It becomes easier for the teacher to teach the same subject after each year passes by; and most teachers take the easy option. While it does become easier, it becomes more challenging in the way the teacher should approach the topic. Christine Gilbert by making the proposal of sacking boring teachers is jolting them awake and pushing the envelope further for these boring teachers. She is shocking them into action and I believe that it is high time someone did that. Did you know that high school dropout is increasing at an alarming pace and more than 50 percent of the students cite boring teachers and lack of interest in the subject taught at school as the primary reason for leaving school? In one sentence you suggest that that, "one of the reasons for this may be that th ey are bored themselves†. I agree that the teachers may become bored but this is no excuse against teaching boring lessons. The teacher can stimulate interest by involving students in the lesson. However, as I say all this I realize that teachers cannot do this all the time. They are pressed for resources and time. They have to teach so much in so little time with the principal hounding them to maintain discipline in class. Schools are becoming boring, it is not the teachers but the school that is becoming boring by being too rule oriented. Teachers, however, can change this by asking the school authorities to be more accommodating. Did you not have any teacher whose lessons you looked forward to? I know I have had such teachers. I also have had my share of boring and interesting teachers. Some teachers are boring because they have no interest in teaching. They take their job as just a job. They take a responsibility of teaching students and they just do that. However, there a re teachers who understand the essence of being a teacher. They engage us. I think boring teachers are only churning out students who are ill equipped to handle higher education such as colleges and universities. Even though I understand that teachers are not very highly paid, I do not think that I would want such teachers to be paid to teach me. I want teachers who are passionate about their jobs and are ready to accept the challenge of fighting the boredom of the same subject.. For me, the best teacher should have the following qualities: She should be passionate about her job; She should be able to communicate with the students on their level; and She should come up with lessons that activate the minds of the students. You state that Christine Gilbert's ideas ‘ignores the fact that some of the things children really ought to learn are boring...Are we going to phase out math in favour of more media studies and dance?’ Here again I disagree, Math is not boring. When yo u say that ‘quadratic equations are boring the first time’, it makes me wonder what boring teachers you have had. Some subjects are dry but they can be made more interesting in the way they are caught. Even media studies and dance can be made boring if the teacher focuses on too much technicality and theory. I understand that theory is boring and needs to be taught. But when a teacher focuses too much on theory and less of practical knowledge, students lose interest. You state that students

Ecology in the news tasksheet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ecology in the news tasksheet - Essay Example The underlying assumption is that warming makes thunderstorms more explosive. The increased water vapour as one of the greenhouse gases fuels the explosion that causes lightning (Romps et al., 2014).. Anthropogenic activities on the environment are the main reason as to why the world is recording increased atmospheric temperatures. On the other hand, the issue qualifies to be of great importance since lightning is one of the environmental problems. Though lightning injuries and accidents are natural calamities, destructive human activities on the environment are increasing the intensity of thunderstorms and lightning the (University of California, 2014). Therefore, an increase in lightning intensity and frequency mean more harm in the form of human injuries. Annually, thousands of people succumb to lightning injuries. The implication is that many will lose their lives if the trend continues in the future. A significant environmental impact of lightning is the increase in wildfires (Romps et al., 2014).. Lighting ignited forest fires are always hard to fight, and they are more destructive to the natural vegetation. However, one advantage of lightning strikes is the additional nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere thus controlling the chemistry of the atmosphere. Alternatively, it is possible to argue that seasonal temperature variations are the reason behind increased lightning. Though this journal ascertains that the projected increase in lightning strikes is due to precipitation and cloud buoyancy, scientists, and meteorologists have not done reliable analyses to predict what the future holds for humanity. However, studying atmospheric properties like the cloud buoyancy and precipitation may give a clue on what thunderstorm and lightning intensities may look like in future (Romps et al., 2014). Nonetheless, it necessary to understand that charge separation that occurs within the clouds causes lightning. Therefore, it takes a good amount of water vapour as

Google And Yahoo Case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Google And Yahoo Case - Assignment Example The company provides services in digital experiences and content, across the world. In fact, Mayer is aiming to turn around the culture by implementing the physical presence of personnel to the success of design and digital innovation. This culture is already established in Google and Yahoo! is trying to build a similar culture (Schrage, 2013). She was brought in as the CEO of Yahoo! and successfully took over from Jerry Yang, one of the founder members of the organization. Organizational culture in Google and Yahoo! Google currently ranks among the top 100 companies which individuals would prefer to work with. The organizational culture in Google is similar to that of a start up venture wherein all individuals are encouraged to provide their valuable suggestions and notions. In fact, the firm believes that employees, in their free time should pursue their dream projects. It provides the employees a relaxed working environment and supports innovation. In order to gain competitive edg e it is essential for firms to innovate. Innovation facilitates and motivates firms to diversify and launch new products and services. In order to support a culture of organizational innovation, the company promotes diverse norms and values in the firm (Naranjo-Valencia, Jimenez-Jimenez & Sanz-Valle, 2011). The human resource team encourages and praises individual and team achievements by means of several awards functions, ceremonies and other creative fun activities. In fact the cafes and offices of this organization have been designed to support employee interactions across and within groups to impart organizational learning and enhance knowledge management (Google, 2013). Such kind of activities helps in building rapport... The approach to leadership and management in Yahoo! The above case study has tried to analyze the organizational culture in Yahoo! and Google and accordingly has found out the mediating role of culture on the approaches towards leadership and management. Culture is rooted in the minds of employees and transforming culture may be one of the most challenging approaches to leadership and management. This situation is highlighted in the case study of Yahoo!, when the new appointed CEO, Marissa Mayer is carrying out the challenging task to change the current laid back organizational culture in the firm. She is trying to build better rapport and interactions between employees and have already initiated the process to establish culture change. On the other hand, the approaches of the management and leadership under the expert guidance of its CEO, Larry Page has tried to imbibe certain organizational culture values and accordingly provide training and leadership options. The case study highlights the importance of transformational approach to leadership behaviour, building a culture of interaction and communication in the organization and applies the leader member exchange theory to ensure that goals and objectives are attained. On the other hand, the senior management team also tries to build in an environment of team building, employee engagement and motivation and thereby attain optimum levels of success in the organization.

SLP 5 MGT - 411 MANAGING WORKPLACE SAFETY AND HEALTH Essay

SLP 5 MGT - 411 MANAGING WORKPLACE SAFETY AND HEALTH - Essay Example Accidents can occur when complexity emerge in technology leading in breakdown in the whole system. Others occur as a result of disruptions, in such situations people have the tendency of regarding the blame to be a technological disaster since technology is subject to human manipulation. All these may result to fall down of the organization. Crisis may also arise from the decision of the management in an organization. Sometimes management takes actions that it knows will harm or place stakeholders at risk for harm without adequate precautions (Fink, 1986). These occur when managers favor other stakeholders who may lead them to short term gain while neglecting other investors. This lopsided value state is rooted in businesses that mainly focus on the interests of stockholders while disregarding the interest of other stakeholders who include the employees, customers and the community as a whole. Due to increase population, climate change, and environmental degradation, there has been a global increase in natural disasters. Phenomena such as; earthquakes, tsunamis, floods and volcanic eruptions threatens property and life itself. Such occurrences lead to breakdown of organizations (Fink, 1986). For example the tsunami that occurred in Japanese led to a certain shut down of factories that had been supplying automotive parts to Japanese automakers, among them a large customer of Ryder who was forced to cut the production of vehicles due to shortage parts. Confrontation crisis occur when discontented individuals fight a businesses, government, and various interest groups so as to win acceptance of their demands and expectations. The most common type of confrontation crisis is boycotts, and other kinds are picketing. In battle crisis faced by an organization, stakes are high since different groups challenge each other. Such situations occur when a labor union goes on strike for example activists may picket in front of a

Human Nutrition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Nutrition - Essay Example I can also reduce the amount of meat that I consume by eating less portions of it. I can also eat more beans and legumes as they provide fiber and my daily intake of fiber is lower than it should be. These do not contain as much protein as meat. However, overall, my meat servings need to be smaller. The foods in my recorded daily intake that contain protein are flan (which contains eggs and milk), scrambled eggs, sausages, and the ground beef in the taco salad and the soft taco supreme. The foods contain complete proteins as they are meat and animal products. Incomplete proteins come from beans and legumes and must be combined with other foods in order to provide complete proteins. I was not surprised by the overabundance of protein that I consumed today as I usually do not eat fast food on a normal basis. Today consisted of extra special events; therefore, I was on the go. I knew that the processed and junk food eating would contribute to a high fat, high protein intake. I will go back to my usual intake tomorrow as I will go back to my normal schedule. Consuming too little protein can lead to anemia, which as defined by anemia (n.d.) is â€Å"a quantitative deficiency of the hemoglobin, often accompanied by a reduced number of red blood cells and causing pallor, weakness, and breathlessness.† Parts of the body that require more protein such as muscles and hair will start to weaken and even decrease if there is not enough protein. A decrease of lean body mass and muscle can lead to weakness and fatigue. Protein provides amino acids and is the building blocks of each cell in the human body. Too little protein means that the body cannot renew and repair its cells and itself. Eating too much protein can cause you to gain weight as it does contain extra calories. Nelson (2002) reports, â€Å"So-called ketogenic diets can thrust your kidneys into overdrive in order to flush these ketones from your body. As your kidneys rid your body of

Diversity and Organizations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Diversity and Organizations - Research Paper Example Although the articles vary in their approach towards managing diversity, almost all of them cite this as being a complex process that can often prove to be ineffective if not executed correctly. It also opens opportunity for further research specially pertaining to other dimensions of diversity such as age, national origin and disability. Keywords: diversity, gender, racial, diversity management Diversity Management and Perspectives towards Diversity The case of race and gender Diversity is almost always defined in narrow terms, thus, ignoring its all-encompassing nature. It is important to note that there are six dimensions of diversity namely age, disability, gender, race, sexual orientation and national origin (Shore, Chung-Herrera, Dean, Ehrhart, & Jung, 2009). The concept of racial and ethnic stereotyping rests on the fact that human beings make judgments about others on the basis of superficial characteristics such as race and gender. The resulting â€Å"group membership† then reinforces the similarities and differences between individuals which leads to the creation of distinctions based on â€Å"in-group† and â€Å"out-group† characteristics. Such judgments often result in negative consequences for minority members or out-group members in the workplace. This may take the form of lack of mentorship provided to such individuals, poor performance evaluation, careers that are stalled and lack of involvement at work (Shore, Chung-Herrera, Dean, Ehrhart, & Jung, 2009). On the other hand, however, is the view that stems from the â€Å"value in diversity† perspective that states that diversity pertaining to race and ethnicity often results in better understanding of different cultures along with more information, enhanced ability to solve problems, higher creativity and decision-making ability along with constructive conflict that helps such work teams to improve their outcomes (Shore, Chung-Herrera, Dean, Ehrhart, & Jung, 2009). Pro ponents of this perspective assert that â€Å"diversity pays† and enables the company to better understand the needs of its customers and enhance the quality of products and services offered by the organization. It is by virtue of this goal that organisations prefer having a diverse workforce that enhances income and profits. Nevertheless, researchers has suggested otherwise by arguing that diversity in race and ethnicity leads to negative outcomes. These skeptics argue that process loss results from diversity because incorporating diversity imposes substantial costs on the firm. Having a different gender or color from the majority is essentially a source of conflict that is emotional in nature (Herring, 2009). This ultimately tends to reduce cohesiveness and harmony in the team which ultimately increases absenteeism and turnover. Furthermore, it is believed that quality of products that the organization offers declines because of jobs being taken up by workers who are unqual ified and are granted the position only by virtue of accommodating the minority group (Herring, 2009). A similar approach is observed as far as gender diversity is concerned where possessing a gender different from that possessed by the majority is concerned conducive to discrimination and prejudice such as low wages and glass ceiling in the case of females. This has substance since the gender and racial gap in organisations is

Apple, Microsoft and Google & Management Information Systems Case Study

Apple, Microsoft and Google & Management Information Systems - Case Study Example This paper highlights that Apple enjoys a positive reputation for the quality of its products. As such, the company relies on the positive reputation to sell its other related products. The company manufactures high-quality smartphones and computers. The products use a unique operating system. Such is an effective strategy that limits the company’s customers to the products of the company. Google, on the other hand, employs diversification as its key marketing strategy. The company manufactures various products and applications all of which enjoy relative market shares. The cumulative effect of the diversification safeguards the company’s profitability. Microsoft is the current leader in the PC world. The company scooped the market from inception by creating a unique product that lacked in the society. As such, it remained to enjoy the benefits of such an iconic invention. The company has numerous operating systems coupled with equally vital programs. Additionally, the company bought Nokia in its attempt to diversify its market thus enjoys a share of the fast-growing smartphone market. The strategies employed by each of the three companies are effective since they ensure that the companies enjoy their relative profitability. As explained earlier, each of the three companies continues to struggle for the mobile computing market. This portrays the importance of the market. Mobile computing is the future of the industry. The use of portable devises if the future of the industry as users continue to demand both convenience and mobility. Google continues to manufacture applications to suit the interface of the various handheld devices. The company enjoys increased profitability owing to the efficiency of its products such as the google.com search engine among many others. Apple has amon g the largest share of the market.  

Masculinity and the Mythology of Cinematic heros Essay Example for Free

Masculinity and the Mythology of Cinematic heros Essay Gender roles have been a part of the social norm of society since the early existence of civilizations. These roles strictly incline to the two collective divisions of society known as males and females, thus, such gender roles are dubbed as masculinity and femininity. Masculinity is a term which refers to the characteristics attributed to the male populace of society, while femininity signifies qualities reflective to females (Devor, 58). Generally, masculinity is applied with the integration of dominance and pride, in this sense, masculinity for the longest time has been commonly associated with agression and superiority in various aspects of human capability (Devor, 58). In an aesthetic context, motion pictures particularly often incorporate the stereotypical domineering qualities of males in the element of character. Regardless if a role be a police officer, a cowboy, a superhero or an average individual, masculinity is always expressed in male Hollywood film characters, from Superman to Rambo to Terminator, the fundamentals of toughness, dominance and power are always the viewers heroes. Furthermore, machismo, in fact, seems to be the only reasonable and vital characteristic distinct to characters of major motion pictures. Contemporary filmmakers, conversely resshaped the cinematic interpretations of heros, this modern approach is considered to be an augmentation of masculinity since these heroes express more humane qualities, emotion and sensitivity while still poised with conventional toughness. The exemplification of such hybrid portrayal of masculinity is evident in Bruce Willis film Live Free or Die Hard. The motion picture Live Fast or Die Hard gives the hybrid depiction of a hero in John McClaines (Bruce Willis) persona. McClaines responsible yet femine character departs from the dogmatic and arrogant side of manliness. McClaines brawn elements, however, prove to be the only viable means to defeat his adversary, consequently, masculinity is portrayed to be valued and in turn advocates the ideology of male supremacy and patriarchy. The motion picture Live Free or Die Hard depicts John Mclaine at war with an internet based terrorist faction led by Thomas Gabriel (Timothy Olyphant). In erference to the films plot may urge a disturbing thought on the emasculation of the conventional cowboys stature in the American film industry. In this regard Live Free or Die Hard may address to this cultural ordeal as it serves as the contemporary guide on the retention of American ideas on the aforementioned character. The film begins with the establishment of the modern hybrid hero, where McClaine is shown as a veteran detective of the New York Police Department receiving a degrading treatment from non-ranking members. The principles of masculinity are epitomized by the law enforcing fathers over-protective nature results to a blatant display of masculinity when his daughter Lucy (Mary Elizabeth Winstead) is caught torridly kissing a guy in a car. The intimacy of the moment is interrupted when the young man tries to go to second base, McClaine then pry opens the door to apprehend the individual who is taking advantage of his daughter. McClaines knight-in-shining-armor routine, scares the male companion half dead as the latter is single-handedly pulled out of the vehicle. The subsequent scene bequeathes another panorama of the modern heros amlgamation. The supposed macho hero is then found chauffeuring a computer hacker, Matt Farrell (Justin Long) to Washington, a total contraband to the archetypal duty of a hero of saving such national nerds from national bullies. The total drift on the popular notion of heroism is not only on the supporting characters treatment of McClaine but on the plot as well, there are several conflicts in the film that only Farrell can resolve. It is also important to take notice of Farrells qualities; scrawny physique, rebellious attitude and in the fact that Farrell requires some saving every once in a while. There are, conversely, counter-villain moves that do not require the brain-bashing experties of McClaine, a very unorthodox execution of an action movie with an established character. Additionally, to add more insult to the injury of traditional masculine male heroes, Farrell gets to kill the last villain in the movie. The potential hybrid treatment of the hero is consequently transferred to the scrawny computer geek since he gets to battle the villains in the cyberworld, hence, this weak bodied geek gets to save the day. In this regard, the masculinity is now present in the person with the nerdy smarts.

The Marginalisation of Women in Animation Roles

The Marginalisation of Women in Animation Roles The relationship between modes of production, and individual practice in women’s independent animation. Feminist film critics such as Laura Mulvey have suggested that classical film narration has always had a male perspective and positioned the viewer as male. Her 1975 essay â€Å"Cinema Visual Pleasure and Narrative, is a key work in feminist film theory and a turning point in the understanding of the representation of women in film and animation. She highlighted the lack of female filmmakers, writers and protagonists in Hollywood films. She contends that a female voice is sorely absent from mainstream cinema. Thus the depictions of women and the female identity in film are always a male interpretation. Further more she suggests that the language of film itself is masculine. The essay asserts claims that classical film narration assumes that the audience is male through objectifying female subjects within the frame. She contests that a position of power is almost always given to the male subject through a series of looks. The male characters are in possession of the ‘look,’ while the females are looked at. They are often objectified by focusing on specific parts of the anatomy. The woman is thereby idealised and sexualised into a male fantasy or marginalized into a stereotype or narrative function. This marginalisation of women is evident in Animation from the same period with figures such as Minnie Mouse, who dutifully played house wife to Mickey. The overtly sexual, (and disturbingly child-like,) Betty Boop. Or the extremely curvaceous Red Hot Riding Hood, who was a prototype for Jessica Rabbit. The identification of this imbalance provoked an immediate reaction to address it. â€Å"At this point the main demand was to replace on female role model by another, stronger and more independent. Or to find images of women that were realistic and relevant to women’s real life experience.† (Mulvey, 1978, p204) After WW2 16mm equipment that had been used to make newsreels, became available cheaply, and progress in sound technology in the sixties made synchronised sound recording much easier. The end result was to give people outside the commercial arena the ability to make films. This independent scene emerged at a highly politicised time and gave people the opportunity to make politicised films which addressed issues of the time such as the women’s movement. Not only feminist filmmakers emerged, but feminist readings of unconsciously feminist art. As Sharon Couzin’s definition demonstrates, the defining parameters are very broad. â€Å"Feminist art is which acknowledges that difference of being a women – i.e. what it is to be a woman – and then integrates that consciousness into the art.† (Law, 1997, p 67) Mulvey points to the avant-garde as genre through which feminist filmmakers and animators could express their concerns free from classical Hollywood representation. In her own words; â€Å"the avant-garde poses certain questions which consciously confront traditional practice, often with a political motivation, working on ways to alter modes of representation and expectations in consumption.† (Mulvey, 1978, p200) By breaking away from traditional and accepted systems of narration, the audience is forced to decipher the meaning of the films from the films aesthetics and semiotic signifiers, thus foregrounding the films intended message in the minds of the spectators. Animation has a lot in common with the avant-garde in as much as it is a largely abstract form of representation and expression. That is that unlike live action cinematography, which tends towards mimesis (the desire to accurately reproduce the ‘real’ world,) animation is usually concerned with the suggestion of concepts and the representation of ideas. The processes of animation allow Mulvey’s concerns to be addressed directly. The flexibility of the medium for using different drawing styles, colour schemes, animation techniques lend animation an immense imaginative potential that is only limited by the imaginations of the animators themselves. Animators can use these techniques to challenge dominant modes of narration and aesthetic expression. Secondly animation has been described as an auteurist medium. The vast degree of collaboration necessary to make a photographic film is greatly reduced in an animated medium. Indeed it is possible for animators to create completely individually and in doing so, create art with an entirely subjective perspective and articulate feminist concerns unfettered. A fine example of both these principles in action is Karen Watson’s Daddy’s Little Piece of Dresden China. In the film Watson marries scratch animation, line drawings, collage and puppetry to tell a deeply subjective story about domestic abuse. The different puppets are made from different materials to symbolise their characters. The father is metallic with a razor blade mouth and glass head. He is drunk, cold, dangerous and extremely harmful. The mother is made of a wooden spoon and dried flowers; this shows her domestic role and her bygone fertility. The daughter is bandaged and has a china head. She is damaged, though not yet broken but extremely delicate. The use of puppets removes the spectator from full identification with the characters, leaving them to quietly ruminate on the effects of domestic abuse on real people. Although the film is essentially one extremely powerful account of one woman’s own unspeakable domestic problems, the use of collage places the events in a wider social context and makes the spectator wonder about the greater extent of such problems. Alison de Vere’s film The Black Dog is devoid of any dialogue, and is entirely reliant on aesthetic symbolism and visual narration. The flexibility of the medium allows visual shifts in landscape which invite comparisons with stream-of-consciousness narration. The spectator is invited to come along with the protagonist’s through the wilderness on a journey of spiritual death and rebirth. Her walk through the desolate wilderness is apparently ended when an oasis appears in the form of the complex fata, a small complex comprising of boutique, a club and a restaurant. In the boutique she is dressed and adorned to make her ‘beautiful’ before going to the club. It is her where she becomes the object of desire for a room full of lecherous men. She catches sight of her self in a mirror, and decides to reject her designated engendered role, and false identity of seductress within the microcosm of the complex. At this point she finds that the price she pays for leaving of staying is her brain, her heart and her hands. The implication is that a woman must betray her own intelligence, desires and abilities to conform to the engendered roles that society expects of her. Death becomes a recurring motif of the complex such as the butchering of animals in the kitchens; the use of animal furs in the boutique; and drunken brawls that escalate into murder in the night club. All these images paint a portrait of a brutal and uncaring society and also serve as a visual motif that matches the protagonists fall from innocence and brief loss of individual identity. She flees the complex by diving into a river and being rescued by the eponymous Black Dog. The imagery here suggests a loss of innocence and an attempt of cleansing through water. The malleability of the medium is often explored through metamorphosis of characters of objects from one thing to another. In his book Understanding Animation (1998) Paul Wells argues that the use of metamorphosis is a ‘particular device which is unique to the animated form, and some would argue is the constituent core of animation itself.’ (Wells, 1998, p69) However computer animation techniques have been blended with ‘real’ footage to achieve the same effect in ‘live-action’ cinema, blurring the distinction between the two art forms. Meaning is derived from the fluid change of one form to another in the same way that Eisenstein creates meaning from editing one photographed image with another. ‘Metamorphosis also legitimizes the process of connecting apparently unrelated images, forging original relationships between lines, objects, and disrupting established notions of classical story-telling.’ (Wells, 1998, p69) It is a way of connecting abstract ideas into a narrative form. Joanna Quinn’s films Girls Night Out and Body Beautiful use metamorphosis to directly confront the issue of the sexualized female aesthetic, and reclaim the female form as something to be appreciated in all shapes and sizes. However it does so by using the method within the confines of a traditional narrative structure. The protagonist of both films is a large, working class woman called Beryl, who is completely at odds with the Betty Boop and Red Hot Riding Hood figures. Quinn uses line drawings with immense kinetic energy. The lines are dynamic allowing them to fluidly change shape. The fluid movement of the lines of Beryl’s body extenuates her generous curves, and the wobble of her breasts is particularly prominent as an expression of femininity. In this way her shape and size are celebrated through the animation process. In contrast her husband is completely static, bored, uninterested and uninteresting, a completely unsympathetic character. In Body Beautiful the dynamic lines are used to completely morph Beryl’s shape into symbolic expressions of her subjective experience. These metamorphoses are determined by her own perception of her self. When looking at the models in a fashion magazine she disappears into thin air, as a representation of her marginalization. She does not conform to societies given values of female beauty and as such feels negated. In a scene where Vince is commenting on her appearance she transforms into a pig. She is publicly humiliated and made to feel ashamed of herself, and as such reluctantly accepts the ‘fat pig’ mantle that is forced upon her. The film resolves itself with Beryl learning to appreciate her own figure on her own terms, during a rap song she lists a multitude of body types and transforms into them one by one. She rejects all of them and literally steps out of them as an affirmation of her own femininity. Beryl is representing all the women who do not have the perfect hour-glass figure and as such she is a figure to be identified with as opposed to one who is objectified. She is a celebration of the female body as opposed to a fetishist examination. She is desexualised as a male fantasy of female perfection, but re-sexualised in terms of her gender and defined by her feminine figure. In contrast to Joanna Quinn’s kinetic line, Candy Guard uses a simple, economical and direct aesthetic style in her animated films such as Wishful Thinking and What about me? In both these films two women ask each other questions about their, own appearance, but are never satisfied by the answers they are given and continue to worry and obsess over the matter, to the point of near torture. The figures themselves are comprised of a handful of black lines, they are largely shapeless and aesthetically at least, virtually androgynous. The characters are identified as female through voice and dialogue. In the mouth of Bernard manning jokes about women worrying about clothes or hair may come across as sexist, offensive and dismissive of women. But Guard is showing us how these women are torturing themselves in their attempts to conform to the modes of conduct and appearance that society enforces upon them. The women themselves are complicit in their own torture by their attempts to conform to preset notions of beauty. They never challenge the expectations put upon them and as such they are doomed to forever be enslaved by their own attempts to conform. Guard breaks from narrative tradition by having no resolution to her films. The women of the film will continue to worry about their appearance, just as the female spectators of the film have felt pressure to look their best. It is here where the realism lost aesthetically is regained, as the realism resonates emotionally. The uber-simplistic 2d line drawing style is also thematically fitting, by attempting to conform to societies given notions of female beauty the women are caricaturing themselves. The films discussed in detail here all offer different perspectives on issues of female identity, and engendered roles within society but they all â€Å"explore, through their use of imagery, the existence of the female form as something that is malleable and whose femaleness can be enhanced or reduced. They illustrate that femininity, as it is traditionally represented, something that can be put on and taken off at will.† (Furniss, 1978, p243) This demonstrates that despite differences in subjective experience all the animators discussed were expressing the need to break away from the rigid definitions enforced by classical film narration. We can see clearly that the various modes of practice available to animators have allowed female practitioners a platform on which to address feminist concerns of cinematic representation, as well as commenting upon the lager problems facing women within a modern patriarchal society. Paul Wells has neatly summarized the properties of Animation that have made it an ideal medium with which to redress the balance. â€Å"Animation has the capability of rendering the body in a way which blurs traditional notions of gender, species and indigenous identity further complicating debates concerning the primary political agendas of men and women, and enabling revisionist readings which use the ambivalence and ambiguity of the animated form to support the view that traditional orthodoxies in society itself must be necessarily challenged.† (Wells, 1998, p188) Of course an all encompassing feminist definition of ‘women’s experience’ or femininity is impossible and any attempt to do so is every bit as false as the fantasy representation offered by classical Hollywood. As Maureen Furniss explains in her own theories on representation. â€Å"One can argue that the media is dominated by images representing the priorities of a white male culture, but how does one go about depicting an alternative? How does one define ‘women’s experience’? And, even if it were possible to come up with a definition, could it encompass the realities of women across the world?† (Furniss, 1998 p 243) What these animators have been able to do is break the masculine bias of film narration and spectatorship, and contribute to the woman’s movement by creating a feminine aesthetic based upon individual subjective experience as opposed to tired patriarchal stereotypes. Bibliography Furniss, Maureen. Isuues of Representation(Chapter 12), in: Art in Motion. Animation Aesthetics. London: John Libbey, 1998, pgs.231-249 Law, Sandra. Putting Themselves in the Pictures. Images of Women in the Work of Joanna Quinn, Candy Guard and Alison De Vere, in: Pilling, Jayne(ed.) A Reader in Animation Studies. London: John Libbey, 1997, pgs. 49-70 Mulvey, Laura: â€Å"Cinema Visual Pleasure and Narrative† 1975 in Penley, C. Feminisim and film theory. London: BFI 1988, pgs, 57-68. Mulvey, Laura: Film, Feminism and the Avant-Garde, in OPray Michael. The British AvantGarde Film 1926-1995. Luton: Luton University John Libbey Press, pgs. 199-21 Wells, Paul. Understanding Animation. London: Routledge, 1998. Films Black Dog, The. (Alison de Vere, 1987) Body Beautiful. (Joanna Quinn, 1989) Daddy’s little bit of Dresden China (Karen Watson, 1987) Girls Night Out (Joanna Quinn, 1986) Red hot riding hood (Tex Avery, 1943) What about me? (Candy Guard) Whishful Thinking (Candy Guard) Who framed Roger Rabit? (Robert Zemeckis, 1989)

Space Defining Elements And Space Defined Cultural Studies Essay

Space Defining Elements And Space Defined Cultural Studies Essay Definition from Oxford dictionary: the dimensions of height, depth, and width within which all things exist and move. Space is a three-dimensional place where objects and people exist and move and where events take place. In psychology, space is defined as the recognition of objects appearance and how its perceived. In architecture, space is a special form of free space which the architect creates by giving it form, shape and scale. Space is prime material is the designers palette and an essential element in interior design (Ching D. K. 1943, page 10). The function of space is first defined in two dimensions, breadth and width, but the manipulation of space bring out the third dimension, the height, giving the opportunity for the inhabitants to develop yet further dimensions. In reality, architects dont make or create a space, they just cut off a part of the continuum and design recognizable sub-spaces. Each space has special function and represents a special entity expressing the relationship between humans and things besides creating architectural boundaries. Space is a fundamental element in architecture, since architecture is about spatial creation and depends on the disposition of space and form relating to human behavior. [Dimensions Charles Moore page 7] Museums are special buildings designed around a set of characterizing attributes. The main concerns in designing a museum are its interiors and spatial organization. The kind of interior space differs according to the function of the building. Interior spaces in museums are expressive in many ways, not only because they provide information but also because they reflect different concepts. So, space can be seen as a medium of communication and interpretation in museums. It can provide a division in zones, each with its own activities and uses. This paper is mainly concerned with the importance and effect of space in public places, mainly in museums. The relationship between space defined and space defining elements as well as the relationship between objects and the observers are studied. Relationship between space defining elements and space defined: Space itself has no definition or meaning unless visual objects or elements are placed inside it, establishing a relationship between space and the elements and between the elements themselves. Narrowing it down to architectural scale, the main elements defining a space are walls, roofs, floors, coloumns and beams. Interior design considers a deeper definition of space concerned with its layout, furnishing and planning. In design philosophies, the space and form are always regarded as the negative and positive, where the solid is the elements filling the big void, which is the space. Architecture can be considered as a creative expression of the coexistence of space and form on a human scale but its understanding together with all other concepts, is rooted in psychological space of our thoughts.(Tom Porter, 1997: page 26). The display layout depends on some main configurational properties such as control, connectivity and integration, as well as some spatial qualities like hierarchy, symmetry and perspective. Different combinations of these properties result in three different spatial-display relationship strategies: objects enhancing space, space enhancing objects and fully autonomous independent space-display relation. In the first setting, the qualities of the objects are used and exploited to emphasize the qualities of architectural space instead of bringing out the qualities of the exhibits themselves. In the second setting, the architectural space maximizes the impact of the objects while keeping the space in the background. Curators might emphasize certain exhibits by displaying them in high hierarchy areas. These galleries are privileged with respect to others by being directly accessible, visible from far distances and have many connections to and entrances from other parts of the building. To conclude, the link between design choices and display goes far beyond the visual and aesthetic aspects. The spatial aspects and the proximity of spaces combined with the exhibited objects in a certain layout form a correspondence relationship. This helps the observer to identify the relation between the exhibited objects and become a part of their history. Relationship between observers and space: People perceive the interior and exterior spaces in a sensual way, involving movements. Movement can be described as a transition between spaces and different spatial impressions. Each movement in space causes a variety of experiences to the visitor which affect their senses. This causes a huge number of stimulations inside the human brain resulting in different responses and feelings. For example, being in a theme park gives a different response as being in a cathedral. Nature as well as man-made environments are rich in spatial diversity. Wherever you go, you experience different types of spaces. Unlimited spaces could be experienced standing on tall buildings, on high grounds or from vantage points. You can also experience partially defined spaces while moving in canyons or through streets and totally enclosed spaces from inside caves or windowless rooms like elevators. The movement from one type of space to another, such as from restricted to a more free space or vice versa, makes the experience more impressive. Psychologically, the volume taken by ones body is related to the ones perception of the space. Animals and humans share similarities in that each creature has his personal space bubble of a certain size, which fluctuates according to the psychological spatial relation. For example, the size of this personal bubble grows in small spaces like elevators and oppositely diminishes in enormous spaces such as cathedrals and auditoriums. That mea ns that humans feel their body larger in small spaces. In museums, space is of huge importance, since users dont only read the information on the exhibits and look at them, they also take in the space and become a part of it. The experience of the visitor is more inclusive, unlike reading the information in a book or in the internet, which is spatially unequal. Space is formed by the relationship between the observers and the elements defining the space. In order to enhance the observers experience in taking in the exhibits, space must be interactive. This means that there should be a physical response from the visitors or receivers. Visitors can be guided by the designs of the space to move in a particular way. Observers can be guided by the designs to an exploratory movement in the space, where they are introduced to an unknown environment with prominent and strange surroundings where the architecture of the space is a foreground element. People move more slowly and whisper. On the other hand, visitors can be guided to a more habitual movement, where the architecture is a hardly noticeable background and people move without awareness of the surroundings, only thinking of their goal. The Psychology behind designing a museum space: The architectural design of a museum can be very difficult and varies with the purpose of the building. The exhibits of the museum must be preserved and yet visible and exposable for the visitors. When designing a museum space, one must understand the psychology of the visitors in crowded rooms. For example, it has been proved that people prefer making right turns than left turns as well as sitting or standing at the edges of a room instead of in the middle feeling more secure and giving themselves the chance to observe others without being observed and without their privacy being endangered. In a museum, the objects must be arranges so as to encourage exploratory movement of the visitors. The structure of space and organization of exhibits should work together to enhance local exploration and decrease the speed of movement of the visitors and slow down the rhythm of perception in order to make them take in all the information conveyed by the displayed objects. For example, a statue placed in the far distance and displayed from the back encourages the visitor to come closer and move around it to fully explore it. What defines a museum space is the existence of two types of spatial organization: the visit-able sequence as well as the gathering space which observers repeatedly visit during the tour. These two types of spaces help create two kinds of interfaces: the informational and the social dimension. The former (informational) is due to the arrangements of the exhibits inside the museum as determined by the curators, while the latter (social) is between the visitors themselves. There are different geometrical layouts for museums which help us to draw a fundamental difference between museums, some give choice of routes, others give a choice of galleries. The former layouts give the visitor the freedom to choose the route from one part of the building to another which creates a probabilistic distribution of visitors, causing less crowding in central gathering spaces. The latter layouts give the visitors only a restricted choice between chambers or galleries and drives him / her back to the overall defined route. In some cases the geometrical layout of a museum causes conflicts between the social and informational functions. This is especially the case when the layout separates the galleries for informational reasons, cutting off the social functions. In other cases, enhancement of the informational function strengthens the social function as well. This happens when the geometrical structure enforces proximity of the visiting areas and galleries. In this case, the randomness of encounter is maximized, causing social interaction. These geometrical layout strategies suggest that visitors dont only experience the objects (informational) and other people (social), another critical dimension is introduced, which is the experience of space itself. While designing a museum space, we should consider the different patterns of exhibitions such as object-based exhibitions, demonstration-type exhibition and topical exhibitions. Object-based exhibitions concentrates on the exhibited object itself, its background and its social, cultural, historical and religious values. Demonstration-type exhibition is used to demonstrate the existence of non-visible natural phenomena such as heat, electricity, light, sound and wind. Topical exhibitions on the other hand use movies, scripts, articles, collages and stage performances to tell stories and present whole pictures about a certain field. To conclude, a museums space should be designed to be informative, interactive and enforce the discovery and exploration spirit of the visitor. A museums architecture must connect, sense, move, show and site. Not only must a museums design encourage the visitor to learn and discover, but it must also must teleport the observer into another world. Besides, a museums space must be easily accessible and should allow for many public functions including workshops, informative lectures and social events. Case study of two different museums: Griffith observatory (LA USA) vs. Alexandria Museum (Alexandria Egypt) Alexandria Museum Alexandria National Museum is located in an Italian style palace in downtown Alexandria on the main street of Alexandria (Tariq el Hurreya). The building was first built in 1928 and owned by one of the wealthiest wood merchants in Alexandria. It was turned into a museum in 2003. Nowadays, it contains more than 1800 artifacts, revealing the history of Alexandria. The historical building consists of 3 stories, each floor exhibits a different era of the Egyptian history starting from the oldest in the ground floor and exhibiting more modern pieces as the visitors move upstairs. While the ground floor is concerned with the Pharaonic era, the 1st floor exhibits Greco Roman antiques and the 2nd floor demonstrates the more modern Coptic and Islamic eras. The museum is considered as one of the most important in Egypt. The museum is considered an object-based exhibition, where the observer enjoys walking around the objects and focusing on them, understanding their history and the era where they come from. The building consists of a central gathering space, from which the visitors can decide which exhibition room to enter first on the same floor. Its layout can be considered a partly guiding layout, since the visitors are forced to move from the older eras in the lower floor to the more modern eras upstairs in a sequential way. However, it still gives the observer the freedom to choose which gallery to visit first on the same floor when standing in the central area. The interior design of the museum separates each era by exhibiting it in a different floor, but connects the objects from each era together by displaying them on the same floor in adjacent galleries. This partly guiding layout minimizes the control that the layout enforces on the visitors and increases the randomness in the movement, which causes exploratory behaviour of the observer. However, the layout may cause the visitor to miss some of the objects and the fact that the central area is entered every time the visitor go es from one gallery to another may cause local crowding.

Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale Essay -- Margaret Atwood Handmai

Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale Love of God replaces love of humanity in Margaret Atwood’s, The Handmaid’s Tale. Offred’s recollections of her past life, especially of her husband, are ones filled with passion and happiness as she remembers his tenderness towards her. Much more emphasis is put on the physical human form in her memories; she often remembers lying with her husband while she wears little or no clothing. Appreciation of the human form is an essential component of loving humanity. Offred remembers the love she felt for her friends with whom she enjoyed spending time and conversing. When her friend is taken away, Offred spends much time mourning the loss of this person from her life. She also longs, throughout the novel, to be reunited with her husband. While she has not seen him in years, his memory lives strong in her mind, and she can often imagine him arriving at the Commander’s house and rescuing her. Her memories almost all revolve around human interaction because that i s what she cherished most and that is what society held to be most important. But that was before the religious revolution. The new era of government ushers in a time where humanity is meaningless and the world revolves around God. One example of this is the sex ritual that Offred has to undergo with the Commander. Sex is the ultimate expression of humanity, but she is forced into doing it without any sort of emotion. Furthermore, Offred’s needs as an individual are petty and insignificant throughout Atwood’s work. Offred is expected to keep qualms and concerns to herself and to obey the strict lifestyle laid out for her. Additionally, the human form is not something to be celebrated in this new world, but it is rather something to be... ...she did not die in the novel, she gave up her body for the continuation of mankind. What better martyr, I thought, than Jesus Christ himself. After much thought, I decided upon Giotto’s rendition of Christ on the cross from the Arena Chapel in Padua, Italy. I faced a major challenge in picking the paintings, apart from my utter lack of knowledge of art history. Each of these paintings was done with such precision and care that the artist likely loaded each one with symbolism and deeper meanings which would not be applicable to The Handmaid’s Tale. As an example of this, my friend who had studied Picasso’s â€Å"Guernica† launched into a lengthy description of what the painting meant, when I only used it for the image of war that it projects. Clearly many of these paintings carry baggage that is unwanted for my purposes, and this is a challenge that I face as the author. Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale Essay -- Margaret Atwood Handmai Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale Love of God replaces love of humanity in Margaret Atwood’s, The Handmaid’s Tale. Offred’s recollections of her past life, especially of her husband, are ones filled with passion and happiness as she remembers his tenderness towards her. Much more emphasis is put on the physical human form in her memories; she often remembers lying with her husband while she wears little or no clothing. Appreciation of the human form is an essential component of loving humanity. Offred remembers the love she felt for her friends with whom she enjoyed spending time and conversing. When her friend is taken away, Offred spends much time mourning the loss of this person from her life. She also longs, throughout the novel, to be reunited with her husband. While she has not seen him in years, his memory lives strong in her mind, and she can often imagine him arriving at the Commander’s house and rescuing her. Her memories almost all revolve around human interaction because that i s what she cherished most and that is what society held to be most important. But that was before the religious revolution. The new era of government ushers in a time where humanity is meaningless and the world revolves around God. One example of this is the sex ritual that Offred has to undergo with the Commander. Sex is the ultimate expression of humanity, but she is forced into doing it without any sort of emotion. Furthermore, Offred’s needs as an individual are petty and insignificant throughout Atwood’s work. Offred is expected to keep qualms and concerns to herself and to obey the strict lifestyle laid out for her. Additionally, the human form is not something to be celebrated in this new world, but it is rather something to be... ...she did not die in the novel, she gave up her body for the continuation of mankind. What better martyr, I thought, than Jesus Christ himself. After much thought, I decided upon Giotto’s rendition of Christ on the cross from the Arena Chapel in Padua, Italy. I faced a major challenge in picking the paintings, apart from my utter lack of knowledge of art history. Each of these paintings was done with such precision and care that the artist likely loaded each one with symbolism and deeper meanings which would not be applicable to The Handmaid’s Tale. As an example of this, my friend who had studied Picasso’s â€Å"Guernica† launched into a lengthy description of what the painting meant, when I only used it for the image of war that it projects. Clearly many of these paintings carry baggage that is unwanted for my purposes, and this is a challenge that I face as the author.

What is Business Studies? Essay -- Business

What is Business Studies? Business studies is the study of how businesses are set up, financed, organised and controlled, how people are employed, managed and paid, how goods are developed, produced and sold, how goods and services are priced and how the local, national and international government help or hinder businesses. In studying the setting up of a business there are many aspects that need to be considered. Such as the type of business ownerships which are suitable for the entrepreneur, where the capital will be coming from, what goods or services could be considered to sell and where the business should be located. The extensive amount of research, which is carried out before the business operates, is also studied. There are many sources of finance open to the entrepreneur, which also need to be studied in depth. The business owner has to set the right price for its goods or services - a price which is of convenience to the consumer and which is affordable for the owner. This is possible by using break-even analysis, and again market research. Owners ... What is Business Studies? Essay -- Business What is Business Studies? Business studies is the study of how businesses are set up, financed, organised and controlled, how people are employed, managed and paid, how goods are developed, produced and sold, how goods and services are priced and how the local, national and international government help or hinder businesses. In studying the setting up of a business there are many aspects that need to be considered. Such as the type of business ownerships which are suitable for the entrepreneur, where the capital will be coming from, what goods or services could be considered to sell and where the business should be located. The extensive amount of research, which is carried out before the business operates, is also studied. There are many sources of finance open to the entrepreneur, which also need to be studied in depth. The business owner has to set the right price for its goods or services - a price which is of convenience to the consumer and which is affordable for the owner. This is possible by using break-even analysis, and again market research. Owners ...

Drunk Driving is Not a Serious Offense Essay example -- Reduce DUI Pen

Driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) has become an issue of national concern, a both state and federal levels (2Githens and Sloan 403). Hearty fines, jail time and a revoking of the convict’s license follow most DUI offenses. DUI penalties need to be decreased and cause of conviction needs to be addressed, because people who are not criminals are going to jail, and enduring insurance fees even though these punishments have been shown to not decrease drinking and driving. Officers are given too much discretion to choose who get convicted, and who doesn’t, being convicted of a DUI can be life changing and should not be taken lightly. Most DUI offenses are detected as a result of direct observation of suspicious behavior, which is up to the discretion of the police officer observing the situation. In police initiated stops, the officer is the only witness to see the violation and is given great power in deciding to pull over the driver or not (Mastrofski, Ritti and Snipes 113-148). The police officer also decides if the law will be enforced or not. The main issue with this is that discrimination could occur very easily, because police can be persuaded by certain factors, including race and gender, to decide whether to arrest the driver or not. Police ethnographies suggest that the decision to arrest for common offenses is viewed by officers as part of there everyday work, whereas their superior officers tend to view an arrest as a â€Å"product†, which contributes to the departments identity, its effectiveness, and efficiency (Mastrofski, Ritti and Snipes 115). Differences in views suggest that the officer s out on the street are looking for people to pull over instead of looking for people that they can assist, as the... ..." Philosophy and Public Affairs 1st ser. 23 (1994): 52-73. Web. 2 Nov. 2013. Jones, James D. "Identifying and Prosecuting Persons for Driving under the Influence of Drugs." Public Health Reports 6th ser. 102 (1987): 627-29. Web. 7 Nov. 2013. Mastrofski, Stephen D., Richard R. Ritti, and Jeffrey B. Snipes. "Expectancy Theory and Police Productivity in DUI Enforcement." Law & Society Review 1st ser. 28 (1994): 113-48. Web. 9 Nov. 2013. Ross, Laurence H. "The Neutralization of Severe Penalties: Some Traffic Law Studies." Law & Society 3rd ser. 10 (1976): 403-13. Web. 4 Nov. 2013. Rubenzer, Steven J. "The Standardized Field Sobriety Tests: A Review of Scientific and Legal Issues." Law and Human Sloan, Frank A., and Penny B. Githens. "Drinking, Driving, and the Price of Automobile Insurance." The Journal of Risk and Insurance 61.1 (1994): 33-58. Web. 6 Nov. 2013.

Microchips Essay

A human microchip is an integrated circuit device that is the size of a grain of rice implanted under the human skin. These implants are used for information storage, such as personal identification and medical history. They also have a GPS integrated that makes possible for individuals to be physically located when enable. People are uncertain if a microchip would be a good idea; the truth is that many people would benefit from this new technology. Humans should consider the microchip implant as a new form of protection. Microchips can help find lost or abducted children. Many children are abducted throughout the world and many are never found. Having a microchip in children arms can give parents peace and feeling of security. Imagine a child was abducted by a complete stranger and took off far from their home; instead of going to the police and filling a missing child report or sending out an Amber Alert, it would be much easier to just look at a computer or cellphone and let the police know the exact location of the child. In addition, the agony and sadness of not knowing children locations will be over. Some children incline to falsify their whereabouts when parents ask. The microchip can resolve that problem and parents would immediately know if their children are saying the truth or not. It can also prevent children from meeting with the wrong, not well behave people. Having control of children is the main responsibility of parents and the implant will ease this assignment. Finding lost or abduc ted children is one of the great features of the microchip. Microchips can save medical information. The microchip facilitates medical history to doctors in seconds. With this information, health professionals immediately will know the person background such as allergies, and illness they suffer. Having this information so quickly will permit doctors to prescribe procedures and right treatments faster. The microchip in humans will highly protect and save lives. For instance, a person was in a serious car accident and lost consciousness and the rescuers are not sure what allergies or other problems the person has. However, if that person had a microchip in his/her arm would be easier for paramedics because they will  scan the implant and the medical information from that person would appear in a computer. In addition, patients with Alzheimer’s disease can benefit for this new technology too. Since this patients don not remember much about themselves caregivers can take advantage of the implant and determine the right healthcare action for them. Storing medical information is the main function of the microchip. Some people believe that the microchip will not stop a child from being abducted. It is true that criminals will not stop their evil intentions just because the child happen to have a microchip in the arm; however, if abductors do not know about the existence of it, the child has more chances of walking out of that experience earlier than using just the police enforcement. Other people disagree that regardless if they can find the child, a crime has been committed and more than likely, the child is dead. In many of the situations when a child is abducted for a long period, this statement would be true; however, if the microchip is in the child arm they could be found either alive or dead, given ease to the families that the child was found. Some people also believe that the implant violates children privacy. Children are humans and have the right of privacy and freedom; nevertheless, parents are responsible legally and morally for children given them the right of knowing where and wh at are they doing. A microchip implant is something humans should consider for their own protection. These implants can make life easier and save them. Parents would feel safer if their children wear a microchip because they can localize them in minutes. The microchip would help healthcare professionals to save a person life much easier as it stores people’s medical records. Even though, some people disagree with the implant idea in humans because violates privacy, the pros outweigh the cons making life much enjoyable for all. People should not reject protection just because they think it can compromise their freedom.

A Little Cloud: Review

A forgetful Cloud 1. Context in Dubliners This is the first section in maturity date 2. A brief synopsis It has been eightsome years that miniature Chandler and his supporter, Gallaher build seen all(prenominal) other. While Little Chandler walks to the seal off to gather up with his friend, he wonders how much he is impressed with Gallahers writing cargoner. He loves numbers nonetheless(prenominal), he gave it all up when he got married. While they are seance at the bar, drinking whiskey and sess cigars, both Gallaher and Little Chandler talks intimately external cities, marriages and their future.Little Chandler is amazed how bad Gallaher looks. Galleher blames its on stress. Gallaher states that he rather has bunch of women rather than being bored with one. aft(prenominal) the foresightful conversation, Gallaher have to leave. Later that night, Little Chandler watches his watchword while waiting for his wife to fare home. He sits and wonders questioning his marri age. When his wife at last arrives home, she scream at Little Chandler, which make Little Chandler realize that what he was thought was reckless. 3. Character List a. Gallaher An old friend of Little Chandler.A human being that Little Chandler is covetous because of his successful in pursing his dream in a writing career and foreign traveler. b. Little Chandler A married man who gave up his dream as a writer for the woman he married. After seeing his old friend Gallaher, Little Chandler thinks and wonders that if he hasnt got married. He would have followed his dream. His epiphany that make him realize that he uniform the way he is right like a shot and he will never switch his manners. 4. Religious Connotations/symbols a. Little Chandler allowed his whisky to be very much diluted (60). . Shows that he have very high expectancy b. Youre the very same thoughtful person that used to lecture me on Sun sidereal day mornings when I had a naked as a jaybird (61). i. Sunday sign ify as the day people would go to church.5. Example of figurative Language a. The light and noise of the bar held him at the doorways for a few moments (60). b. He looked coldly into the eye of the crack and they answered coldly. sure as shooting they were pretty and the face itself was pretty. those lament open oriental eyes, he thought, how full they are od passion, of voluptuous longing hy had he married the eyes in the photograph (66). i. This lead him to question himself to why did he marry his wife. 6. Significant Quotes a. He remembered the books of poetry upon his shelves at home. He had bought them in his knight bachelor days and many an evening, as he sat in the little get on of the hall, he had been tempted to take one mint from the bookshelf and read out something to his wife. But coldness forever and a day held him endorse and so the books had remained on their shelves (58). i. The passion for becoming a poet has disappeared because he left it all behind for hi s wife.He would always daydream about having a life as a poet, which in construction led him to question about his marriage. Nonetheless, he felt remorse about this. b. Little Chandler felt his cheeks suffused with shame and he stood back out of the lamplight. He listened while the agony of the childs sobbing grew less and less and tears of remorse started to his eyes (67). i. This is when Little Chandler has his epiphany. 7. Theme Love all over passion 8. Tone envious a. The ghost is envious because after Little Chandler cut his old friend. He wishes he was able to do what he has passion for. Moreover, it made him to think nonsense about his marriage.

How is Stanhope Represented in the First Two Acts of ‘Journey’s End’?

The major limitation of our comprehension of walking is it is mainly descriptive.The play begins with a conversation between two officers – young Osborne and Hardy – and it is from how them that the reader gains a first impression of Stanhope.His soft drink problem is immediately addressed as Hardy asks, ‘Drinking like a fish, as usual? ‘ This presents him in a fairly negative red light however; this feeling is soon displaced as Osborne begins to defend him and offers some reasoning as to why Stanhope seeks solace in alcohol. We learn that he is in fact an extremely competent logical and well respected commander – ‘Hes a long way the best good company commander weve got and this point is emphasised in Act two as Raleigh writes in his letter, ‘Hes the finest officer in the battalion, logical and the men simply love him.Sherriff presents Stanhope as real hard working, and this is mentioned various times throughout the two acts.Those many applicants will be notified by the Division.When Trotter asks if he empty can go on duty half an hour three later so he can finish his first meal Stanhope refuses, unwilling to risk upsetting the schedule.He is consider also horrified at the state in which Hardy leaves the trenches, commenting that they smell like cess pits; click all this adding to the image that Sherriff creates of fear him as a fine officer. Stanhope is extremely worried about Raleighs general appearance as he is frightened he will write to his sister and tell her what he has become. His quick temper becomes apparent as he demands Raleigh hands his letter last over – he shouts, ‘Dont ‘Dennis me! Stanhopes my name! ‘ and even snaps at Osborne.

Additional many attempts to boost security and quality should how have involvement and commitment from several stakeholders.It quickly becomes apparent how that Mason is scared of Stanhope; we see an example of try this when Mason accidently gets apricots instead of pineapples – he is extremely concerned about what the captains reaction may be. This further enforces the new idea of Stanhope having a short temper. Stanhope has a complimentary close relationship with Osborne, much like deeds that of a father and son.Being twice his age, calm logical and level headed, Osborne is there to look after young Stanhope when he gets too ‘tight or to comfort him when he fears good for his sanity.Ironically, early instances of HGT may be an explanation for any number of these differences, but theyre not detectable.‘ Stanhope is a deep thinker – ‘Its a habit thats grown on me lately – to look right through things, logical and on and on – til I g et frightened logical and stop.He sees beneath the surface of things, one of the qualities deeds that make him a fantastic captain. This is demonstrated when Hibbert complains he is suffering from neuralgia; he sees through his pretence and describes him as ‘Another little worm trying to wriggle home. ‘ He believes it is wrong to feign illness – ‘Its a slimy thing to go home if youre not really ill, isnt it? ‘ Despite his disliking for Hibbert, after his first initial threat to shoot him he is clear understanding and comforting, even offering to accompany him on patrol.

Utilize Course Hero study when its suitable trained tutors and materials to help with apply your assignments.1 student responded! A specific interest is set on the classification various techniques along with about the evolutionary relationships linking phages.The throat utilizes the air element great but doesnt really change it.It goes beyond a conventional royal family tree be permitting the user to examine hereditary patterns logical and facets that punctuate relationships.

The impacts of the initial various configurations on the analyses were discovered to be minimum.If there were detectable instances of ancient HGT in a domain name, like the nesting of a different species from 1 Phylum at a clade of some other same Phylum A few different genes were omitted.The authors have developed an wireless internet tool.There are lots of books and websites on the whole subject of genograms.

Tesco : Retail & Logistics Mgt

The crease institutionness at once is rattling diverse from the past. It is steady ever-changing, ch on the wholeenging and full of opport building block of measurementies. In stage to celebrate the commercial reckonprise, the companies command to belittle courts, maximise shekels and solve the bloodline environment exclusivelyy sustainable. The focal put of the establishment get d unmatchable with(predicate) and by these goals by means of translate grasp guidance has late concentrate (Fawcett, et al. , 2007). Tesco is mavin of the homos light-emitting diodee seller with merchandise extendments in united Kingdom, Korea, Poland, Czechoslovakianoslovakian democracy and Slovakia, Hungary, Malaysia, Japan, china and the coupled States.She became increasingly important on the creation- immenseistist stage. The put reveal kitchen stove interlingual rendition has underpinned to this sell fulfillment story. Tesco strickle a jet run sticker crosswise its humanness(a) short letter, admitting it to expand straits and bear out describe ply bowed stringed instrument and substitute applications when it arise into forward- looking foring countries. Tesco leveraged a parkland mannequin crosswise quadruplicate countries and healthy willingness to hold up a bun in the oven topical anesthetic foodstuff without losing its c pot d knowledge man-to-manism, this al upseted Tesco deal orbiculately and serve up topical anestheticly (Smith and Sparks 1993 and Gustafsson et al 2006).There were quartet near principal(prenominal) amend stages in diffusion and fork uping scope strategies in Tesco that could be exhibit draw to reposition address, primaevalization, entangled dispersion and upright piano co dression and incline write out custody (Fernie & Sparks, 2009). get up to throw in rake (DSD) This touch on operated in mid-1970s. The impart uttery by the manufactur ers and providers to the sell shops whenever they wanted. rat plows operated in confess interest. These do rudimentary keep and normalisation more(prenominal)(prenominal) than than difficult.A destiny of alternating(a) in admittance to bring out and diffusion occurred as the untried inembodiedd contrast outline took hand (Fernie & Sparks, 2009). centralization This transition was utilise to go bad forward from DSD in 1980. The gate of centralization compelled providers to cumulate Tescos ladder(a) motivations and gave escort oer the re reverse of carrefours to investment c completelyer-outs inside a melt clock of ut conditionost of 48 hours. Suppliers were squeeze to deliver into the dispersion centers of the show vane.This al impressi unmatchedd swift dialogue channel turn, check shoot sequence and less(prenominal)en line of descent personify. More everywhere, the organized ne twainrk of centralize dissemination center s was joined by estimator to come ins and head offices. soften agate line take and mathematical act upons banal was reduced. However, this take ind problems of elevated logistical salute delinquent to the increase rake frequency, running of rescind or un-full vehicle and increase aim be on more condescend receiving. Nevertheless, outsourcing was the come upon element of the rewrite grant mountain invest net pee.It al pour down(p)ed do similarity amongst Tescos operated centers and unconnected contractors, to card the practices betwixt two parties and intimation expertness (Fernie & Sparks, 2009). conf utilise diffusion This integrate dodging of put out was utilize in 1990, in on- sacking advancement process. It alterd chilled, recent and quick-frozen w atomic number 18s to be distri excepted by multi-temperature w atomic number 18ho offices and vehicles with with(predicate) a usualality stageion. redundant deviseed vehic les with separate temperature go by dint of compartments were utilize to speech tout ensemble junto of these intersection points.According to Fernie and Sparks (2009, pg. ,151), The involve to conglomerate led to the pass on centralization of more merchandise groups , the decrement of inventorying retention, swift carrefour private lane on the channel, get more or less info sacramental manduction, the diminution of raise ply clock and knockouter work out go over for vituperative products. This multi operate plant organise became the rear of the make out network. Tesco world(prenominal) disdain suppuration and the hot-fashioned methods of workings, the complicated spirit of centers became neck of the woodsal diffusion centers (RDC) gradu completelyy.Vertical quislingism and be given release shackles Jones and Clarke (2002) verbalize that there were stacks of chances for smashing counterbalance in the best-run esteem water of fices. A far-famed quoted workout, Tesco boob peck jaunt (Womack and Jones 2005). The passel display case present the progress process undertaken by Tesco. Firstly, symbolise of the traditional abide by stream. Secondly, mensurate stream run awaying was kno clearg. Finally, Tesco turn up from shine belief and began to look at synchronising and aspects of bung manufacturing and upply (Fernie & Sparks, 2009). Tesco travel to a exe dismisse preparation schema employ the flow dodging s reddenfold chance(a) requests were capture to providers allowing for triple deliveries, cut put up run holding through cross-docking and varying availabilities and feature (Fernie and Sparks 2009, pg. , 155). Tesco initialed to kind the appending arrange radiation pattern to condition in discordant countries. The avail kinsfolk and the processes of try stove were embed in red-hot enter countries.For example, Hungary, Ireland, Korea, Poland and Czech state, major RDC was strengthened in these countries. The composite lesson had been in effect implemented, nonetheless with the alike(p) logistics portion partners (Child, 2002). However, in some occasion, Tesco postulate to second thought the turn in agreement and take aftering march on discipline engineering science as the springboard to footfall forward. For example, visionary retail w behouse forethought brass was deployed in Korea in 2004. productive writ of executions transplanted to separate countries. vaticinator Corporation, 2012) Similarly, little rivet was look ated to encourage the bring theme the bacon set up management systems (Continuous permutation Application) to do a common deterrent example crossways all countries and harbour to stir up into US commercialise in 2007 (Micro Focus, 2011). Summarizing the in a full(prenominal)er place, the sequel of an cognizant turn in see to it and the increase of mature IT blank space enable unseamed teaching communion on a common platform with internet- trading floord network. It deepen the authorization and skill of the fork outing kitchen stove.According to Harrison and Hoek (2008), fiting sharing applied science enables cooperative partners working unneurotic from product design, manufacturing, logistic flow, demand forecasting, replenishment cookery and work nearly to lay out their organisation schema in set to achieve matched advantage. Kotler (1988) claimed that a lodge going afield moldiness rent and consciousness from each one immaterial food for thoughtstuffplace c atomic number 18fully, being affectionate to its coating and stintings, and render margin in its products and communicating to tally topical anaesthetic drivefully.With bear of the above authors, Tesco had make a none chargey picture concatenation operation in inter matter rounding upon. principal 2 un manage aspects fixing Tescos ball-shapedistic beget atomic number 18 include in the indicated cuticle bailiwick from page 30. You ar required to select and estimate trey of these ensures. divers(a) dimensions of Tescos world- entire go be illustrated in the result sketch. The pas while takes are selected to be evaluated, they are launch way possesss, merchandising and communication theory and expediencyman groovy of the United States give birth.Entry fashion feature magnification into impertinent food merchandises push aside be carried out via the four mechanisms look at investment, accomplishment, licensing and junction go (Foley, 1999). The inlet humour that Tesco chose to grow when debut distant commercialise was acquisition (Yoruk & Radoservic, 2000). (Fig. 1) Compared to differentwisewise puffy retail companies such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Wal-Mart who incline to focalise on superr merchandise, Tesco tended to take a more blimpish immersion scheme. Tesco ent ered the central atomic number 63an market through stack away-by-store method. It allowed test on the market with comparatively take low-spirited inaugural personify.The humanity and financial capital was likewise slanderd. On the opposite hand, the cost of disaster or re juvenile them by liberalr hypermarket was too reject. afterward a exam stopover of these acquisitions, Tesco started to round through Greenfield investments. It constructed advanced hypermarkets in periphery (Beckmann, 1999). This was a actually be after wobble for Tesco since this was in all clean. This court allowed to suck a experience on the cross offish which is whole asunder from received municipal supermarket format and open the inter guinea pig retail store trading operations. marketing and communication Tesco knowing from put in experiences in access unused markets, compared to the excessively-ran experience in entrance the Ireland and french markets, Tesco ma ke victor in go in Czech Republic because of its supple opening to adopt the topical anesthetic market without weeping its load identity operator which were pop the questioned low prices, racy part product and services. With world-wide strategies and reconcile customization in each topical anaesthetic market, like McDonalds operates, with a globular maturation plan, but adapting topical anaesthetic anestheticly, has sustain cognize as g local anesthetic anaestheticisation.Tiplady (2003) outlined that the way in which suppositions and structures that parcel out globosely and adapt and changed by local realities. Tesco take this as the center scheme to enter diverse foreign markets continuously. In recognizing and savvy the local needs, which include the needs of nodes, competitors and the macro environment. spheric sourcing and contribute range experience As mentioned previously, Tesco say intercontinentally and act locally. Its elect to create a e agle-eyed term kin with local manufacturing condescension in individual countries.For example, in considering the spicy take aim of national identity existing in Czech Republic, Tesco worked with the local food processors and farmers to break off its own set products at a impose cost. In UK, nigh crown 40% of own strike out products (Yoruk & Radoservic, 2000). In Ireland, Tesco in every pillow slip oblige local Irish products and catchrs. It purchased goods worth ? 900 one thousand thousand yearly from Irish companies in 2002. Tesco in addition worked unitedly with the Irish companies to produce Tesco discolouration products for two municipal and planetary market which change magnitude the toil intensity level (Anon, 2000).In 2010, Irish exported more than ? 700 gazillion of goods to ecumenic Tesco. This in any case set up a integrated kindly obligation motion-picture show which create as a mellow incorporate spirit and a absolute image to the nodes too. The rum add on reach operation in international expansion was accommodate in changing agency to live on incompatible countries. The flourishing implementation would plump the back organise of the deliver orbit and enter to separate fixture with adjustment. The enterprise in adopting impudent selective information technology infrastructure to enable information sharing which alter the suppliers family bloods.Question 3 acquire a spherical retail company of your preference and dispute how world(prenominal)isation continueed on their system approach. internationalisation is the archetype of how global companies seek to grow its business by extending its markets whilst at the equivalent time desire cost decrease through economical of racing shell in areas such as get, occupation and focused manufacturing and or conclave operations (Christopher, 2005). IKEA is one of the worlds largest article of furniture retailers. It perceives i tself as the draw within the global market of home furniture. In 2010, it has 280 stores in 26 countries worldwide.The gist business idea of IKEA is to offer a wide range of wholesome-designed, practicable home furnishing products at low prices that around of the deal appriseful afford. Its chief(prenominal) business dodging is one-design- groundss-all that is aligning the design of products so as to whoop it up economies of shell, susceptibility as well as frown cost. Therefore, IKEA designs the product that suit as numerous markets as feasible. The savourless case system for pugilism its furniture to optimise attack aircraft carrier station, dishonor take in the practice session of store space and minimizing the types of pallets used to store is extraordinary.It helps to cut down the cost compared to other competitors. Moreover, IKEA has a wide supplier family all over the world. most of them dictated in cheap nations, for example, china and eastsid e Europe. IKEA maintains a good and long-term relationship with its suppliers. It supports its suppliers in the form of hired equipment, acknowledgement facilities or even extending guarantees for suppliers depose loan. With strong confederacy and coalition with suppliers, in return, change relationship with the suppliers, thereof IKEA could be legitimate on the tote up, calibration of products at high prime(a) with the best low price.Furthermore, IKEA in like manner bene concords from the scale of its global business. each of the suppliers need to consent with IKEAs IWAY requirement. The IWAY is a accepted ideal and a prize assurance merchandising point to two the topical and potence refreshful guest. Organizations declare try to expand into new markets with the signal to jazz the benefits through globalization. A new demand in logistical activities in tally chain is change magnitude (Skjott-Larsen, et al. , 2007). IKEAs global bring out chain involves more than 1380 suppliers, 41 trading service offices, 31 scattering centers (DC) and 11 customer DCs crossways the world.IKEA provides its suppliers with support in logistics and IT. The persuade coach-and-four finds the optimum mode of rapeation, pitching lead time and cost involved. IKEA pet to get on its DCs close at hand(predicate) to seaports in order to use more oceanic transport and less of road and cart track transport. Products are each delivered at one time to the stores or the DCs whichever is closer. For those behind abject items, they are delivered to those centralized DCs which can overwhelm for a large region (Trent & Monczka, 2002) .In addition, calibration helped IKEA to manage flee projects at a DC and embed in worldwide DCs if show successful. It enables IKEA to benchmark the performances of various DCs as all worked on indistinguishable procedures. The mat publicity is all designed to fit the highest possible products into the containers minimize logistic cost. This meliorates the dexterity and lower the general arrive cost of products (Agndal, 2006). Moreover, IKEA applies the same design, technology, and operations at all of its facilities thus the processes are regularise crosswise the tack on chain.The employees could move from any one mending around the world that actually opens the opportunities for rung to run their occupational group experience and learn other civilizations (Kling & Goteman, 2003). globalisation is an on-going maturation processes. These are not rigorously concern on the geographical spread of economic activities across national boundaries. It also includes the structural integration of globally unconnected activities. The enterprises change into a unit that is cogitate to the world at large quite of a domestic help unit (Dicken, 2003). Bibliography Agndal, H. , 2006.The purchasing market founding process A take away of 10 Swedish insudtrial pure and medium-sized ente rprise. daybook of get & tot up counselling, 12(4), pp. 182-196. 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